Glass Ceiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biased based impediment - Research Paper Example This implies despite the fact that ladies are as of now ready to climb to higher situations, at one point they are halted by an inconspicuous obstruction. This is experienced by the individuals who are upset from being advanced in view of their ethnic connection as well as in light of the fact that they are ladies. In any case, progress has been made over the most recent ten years. As indicated by the CEO of Highfield Human Solutions, Sherilyn Shackell, â€Å"There is no uncertainty that ladies have advanced significantly among our worldwide workforce, particularly in the course of the last not many decades† (AMA, 2010, para 7). She further included, â€Å"Yet, notwithstanding reports that ladies are getting through the ‘glass ceiling,’ apparently the roof is simply ‘slightly cracked’ as opposed to broken† (AMA, 2010, para 7). The International Institute for Management Development (IMD) research in 2010 revealed a few upsetting patterns: a simple 20 percent of all administrators are ladies, with right around 50 percent of respondents conceding the absolute nonappearance of ladies inside the official board of trustees gathering; and, about 10 percent of official individuals have a place with minority gatherings (AMA, 2010, para 4-6). In any case, regardless of the considerable number of fights against the unfair limitation, corporate America is in reality achieving much as far as permitting ladies to possess ground-breaking corporate positions. Truth be told, as expressed in the review of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United States has minimal inconsistency between the level of ladies possessing senior administration posts and the level of male ranking directors (Rampell, 2013). Since the 1960s’ social strife, the American government has been overwhelmingly occupied with restricting sexual orientation separation in associations. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the key rule tending to the issues of unattainable rank. The law solidly restricts a wide range of separation dependent on national root, sex, religion, or race in the working environment (Palmer and

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 7

I Fear Him More Than Any Other Human Being After I came back to New Jersey, I thought I was sheltered, in light of the fact that I didn't think Kenny G could leave the terrible spot, which I understand is senseless now †in light of the fact that Kenny G is incredibly capable and creative and an amazing power to be dealt with. I have been resting in the loft since it is so savagely hot up here. After my folks hit the hay, I climb the steps, turn off the ventilation fan, slip into my old winter camping bed, zipper it up so just my face is uncovered, and afterward sweat away the pounds. Without the ventilation fan running, the temperature climbs rapidly, and soon my camping cot is doused with sweat and I can feel myself getting more slender. I had done this for a few evenings, and nothing odd or uncommon occurred by any means. Be that as it may, in the storage room today around evening time I'm perspiring and perspiring and perspiring, and through the obscurity, out of nowhere I hear the attractive synthesizer harmonies. I keep my eyes shut, murmur a solitary note, and quietly tally to ten, realizing that I am just daydreaming like Dr. Patel said I may, yet Kenny smacks me over the face, and when I open my eyes, there he is in my folks' storage room, his wavy mane of hair haloed like Jesus. The consummately tanned temple, that nose, that everlasting five o'clock shadow and sharp facial structure. The main three catches of his shirt are fixed so you can see a little chest hair. Mr. G probably won't appear to be abhorrent, however I dread him more than some other individual. â€Å"How? How could you find me?† I ask him. Kenny G winks at me and afterward puts his sparkling soprano sax to his lips. I shudder, despite the fact that I am soaked in sweat. â€Å"Please,† I beseech him, â€Å"just leave me alone!† Be that as it may, he takes a full breath and his soprano sax begins to sing the brilliant notes of â€Å"Songbird† †and quickly I'm upstanding in my camping bed, monotonously hammering the impact point of my correct hand into the little white scar over my correct eyebrow, attempting to make the music stop †Kenny G's hips are influencing directly before my eyes †with each cerebrum shock I'm shouting, â€Å"Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop!† †the finish of his instrument is in my face, beating me with smooth jazz †I feel the blood surging up into my brow †Kenny G's performance has arrived at a peak †blast, blast, blast, blast †And afterward my mom and father are attempting to limit my arms, yet I'm shouting, â€Å"Stop playing that melody! Simply stop! Please!† At the point when my mom gets thumped to the floor, my dad kicks me hard in the stomach †which makes Kenny G disappear and executes the music †and when I fall back heaving for air, Dad bounces on my chest and punches me in the cheek, and out of nowhere my mother is attempting to pull Dad off me and I'm wailing like an infant; my mom is shouting at my dad, instructing him to quit hitting me, and afterward he's off me and she's disclosing to me everything will be alright significantly after my dad has punched me in the face as hard as could reasonably be expected. â€Å"That's it, Jeanie. He's returning to that medical clinic in the first part of the day. First thing,† my dad says, and afterward steps down the steps. I can scarcely believe, I'm crying so noisily. My mom plunks down close to me and says, â€Å"It's alright, Pat. I'm here.† I put my head in my mom's lap and weep well into the night as Mom strokes my hair. At the point when I open my eyes, the ventilation fan is back on, sun is spilling through the screen in the closest window, and Mom is as yet stroking my hair. â€Å"How did you sleep?† she asks me, constraining a grin. Her eyes are red and her cheeks are streaked with tears. For a subsequent it feels ideal to lie close to my mother, the heaviness of her little hand on my head, her delicate voice waiting in my ear, however soon the memory of what happened the prior night compels me to sit up †and afterward my heart is beating and a rush of fear flows through my appendages. â€Å"Don't send me back to the awful spot. I'm heartbroken. I'm so grieved. Please,† I implore her, begging all that I have, in light of the fact that that is the amount I loathe the awful spot and cynical Dr. Timbers. â€Å"You're remaining right here with us,† Mom says †looking at me without flinching as she does when she is coming clean †and afterward she kisses me on the cheek. We go down to the kitchen, where she cooks me some heavenly eggs mixed with cheddar and tomatoes, and I really swallow the entirety of my pills since I believe I owe it to Mom in the wake of wrecking her and upsetting my dad. I am stunned when I take a gander at the clock and see it is as of now 11:00 a.m. So I start my exercise when my plate is spotless, twofold planning everything just to stay aware of my everyday practice.

American Revolution Lesson Introducing Claims in Argumentative Writing

American Revolution Lesson Introducing Claims in Argumentative Writing (1) This is the second  in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the American Revolution. Also, dont forget to have students  cite their sources in  MLA format, APA format, or  Chicago style. Overview In this lesson, you will learn how to introduce precise, knowledgeable claims and to establish their significance. Claims in Argumentative Writing Argumentative writing is based on a claim. A claim states your position on a topic. It is an arguable statement that is supported by evidence. There can be many different types of claims: Claims of fact: whether or not something is true Claims of cause and effect: whether or not an event led to an event that followed it Claims of value: whether or not something is good Claims of policy: whether one course of action is better than another Writing Claims Your goal is to write a precise, knowledgeable claim. In other words, you want to craft a position statement that makes an argument, introduces your reasoning, and describes exactly what you will say in your essay. How to Write Claims You want to make your claim as focused, or precise, as possible. Claims must be debatable as well. Do this by: Telling your reader your answer to a  question Introducing your reasons Telling your reader the categories of evidence you will discuss Arguing a position with which others may reasonably disagree. In argumentative writing, claims take on the role of thesis statements. For example,  The American Revolution was a world war because…is the beginning of a thesis statement. Why is Your Claim Significant? Your claim needs to answer the question “So what?” You can do this by explaining the  significance.  Significance is important because it goes beyond the statement of facts; significance indicates how your argument fits into a larger debate. As a writer, you want to make sure your claims are provocative and interesting. The significance statement implies a “because” with an opinion to back it up. Claims Significance: Example For example, a claim about the American Revolution being a world war could indicate significance by stating “this was the only war of its type in history,” or, “without the involvement of other nations, the Americans would not have won.” Either statement positions your argument within a bigger historical conversation. Historical Claim Example Read the claim: Different countries fought with the American during the Revolution and this is what made it a world war. Then, listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a claim that answers the question: Can the American Revolution be considered a world war? Think about what could be done to strengthen the claim. Historical Claim Example Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a revised claim to answer the question, Can the American Revolution be considered a world war? The American Revolution became a world war when France, Spain and the Netherlands allied and fought with the United States in North America, the Caribbean, Europe and elsewhere during the Revolution, forcing the British to agree to American independence. The presence of multiple foreign allies and a global theater for the conflict, the American Revolution became a world war. Conclusion In this lesson, you learned how to write precise and significant claims.

Fdr And The Great Depression - 1842 Words

Few Presidents have faced situations as troubled as Franklin Delano Roosevelt did when he was elected into office. The economy was in shambles and unemployment was skyrocketing. However, few Presidents have impacted the country as swiftly and effectively as FDR either. He set out to bring an end to the Great Depression, which had been created by fear itself. Undaunted, FDR and Congress, together, were able to pass a whopping 15 major bills in FDR’s first 100 days in office as a part of his New Deal. While each bill was important and extremely impactful in its own respect, the CCC, TVA, and FDIC are, when reflected upon today, considered to be the most successful programs created under these bills. When FDR was elected President in 1932, the United States was deep in the most severe economic depression the country had ever experienced: the Great Depression. The Great Depression had taken shape almost four years prior to FDR’s Inauguration with the crash of the stock market bubble in 1929. Following the stock market crash, companies began laying off workers due to a sudden drop in investment and consumer spending. This led to a vicious period of cyclical unemployment and the depression became even worse. Eventually, there were runs on the banks as people tried to guarantee the security of whatever savings they had left. This, too, only made things worse as banks were unprepared and thousands failed. The load that FDR faced entering the Presidency had not been lessened by hisShow MoreRelatedFdr And The Great Depression783 Words   |  4 Pagesterms, FDR has had many successful outcomes during his presidency into what shapes our nation today. (Relationship) FDR progressed with many achievements to help America revive and prosper. (THESIS) The response of Franklin Delano Roosevelt s administration to the problems of The Great Depression was effective because they created the New Deal program, revived enterprise, and made better use of the country s land. Acknowledgement of other side- There was different opinions on how FDR managedRead MoreFdr s Folly : How Roosevelt And His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression1366 Words   |  6 PagesIn FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression, Jim Powell discusses how Roosevelt’s New Deal actually prolonged the Great Depression and made it significantly worse economically for the people in the 1930s United States. Powell reveals a different angle of the â€Å"hero† Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his New Deal, and how he allegedly lead the United States out of the Great Depression. Throughout this book, the author analyzes the actions and repercussions of Roo sevelt’sRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1507 Words   |  7 PagesFaced with the Great Depression and World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt, nicknamed â€Å"FDR,† guided America through its greatest domestic crisis, with the exception of the Civil War, and its greatest foreign crisis. His presidency—which spanned twelve years—was unparalleled, not only in length but in scope. FDR took office with the country mired in a horrible and debilitating economic depression that not only sapped its material wealth and spiritual strength, but cast a pall over its future. RooseveltRead MorePresident Fdr : A Nation s Economic Status Is A Great Responsibility That Its Government Has1259 Words   |  6 Pages2016 Resident President Keeping a country’s economic status is a great responsibility that its government has. In America during the 1930’s, the Great Depression spreads its economic disease to Americans, and as a result, many citizens become jobless and homeless. While Americans are under economic depression, little has been done by the government to ameliorate the situation. However, President FDR is the MVP during the Great Depression as he brings economic prosperity and well-being to America byRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt. During The Great Depression In The1745 Words   |  7 PagesDuring The Great Depression in the United States, 13 million people and the country were in an economic crisis. The nation blamed the Republican party for the economic crisis and for their inability to fix it by the 1932 election.Thus, the election resulted in a win for Democratic Party and the former governor of New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. On March 4 1933, Roosevelt was inaugurated president by a na tion in need of hope. FDR took action immediately to deal with the depression by closingRead MoreThe Great Depression Trademarks America1544 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Depression trademarks America at its all-time historical down point. In FDR’s Folly, Powell spotlights the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, astronomical levels of unemployment, as well as the New Deal program developed to combat the Great Depression. Powell, who was born and educated in London, earned a master’s degree in history and he clearly demonstrates his views to the reader. In his words, FDR’s presidency did not aid the economic state but drove it further back as well asRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Franklin D. Roosevelt s Inauguration Speech1519 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Great Depression. Fifteen million Americans went unemployed, half the country’s banks failed, and Wall Street lost billions of dollars. Devastated and hopeless, Americans searched for a resolution, a savior. In 1933, during the peak of the depression, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn in as the 32nd President of The United States. Roosevelt replaced Herber t Hoover who left the country in agony. Through the domestic programs established by President Roosevelt, the effects of the Great DepressionRead MoreImpact Of The New Deal On The Great Depression1355 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Preceding the Great Depression, the United States went through a glorious age of prosperity, with a booming market, social changes, and urbanization; America was changing. At the end of the 1920’s and well through the 1930’s, America was faced with its greatest challenge yet; the 1929 stock market crash. It would be the end of the prosperity of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. Now the American government and its citizens were faced with a failing economyRead MoreA Brief Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt1008 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, FDR, was born in 1882 and attended both Harvard University and Columbia Law School (White House). Serving from March 1933-April 1945, FDR became America’s longest serving president (Miller Center). He entered office in the midst of the Great Depression, America’s major financial crisis. Everyone was investing in the stock market, and when it crashed, America came close to bankruptcy. The crash of the stock market left people without money, jobsRead MoreThe Economic Impacts Of The Great Depression1263 Words   |  6 PagesRodena Woods History 102 Exam 2- Essay Answers Big Essay Question The economic downturn is considered the great depression from 1929-1941 because of the uncontrolled exertion on unlimited goods produced. Other contributions were the risky and irresponsible speculations in the stock market. Banks had invested and lost, and they were buying on margin. There was also increasingly unequal distribution of wealth. Furthermore, the U.S had weak banking systems and banks eventually failed. Finally, there

Special Education Placement in Public Schools Essay examples

Special Education Placement in Public Schools History of Public Schools Before the 1840’s the education system was only available to wealthy people. Individuals such as Horace Mann from Massachusetts and Henry Barnard in Connecticut believed that schooling for everybody would help individuals become productive citizens in society. Through their efforts, free public education at the elementary level become assessable for all children in American by late 19th century. By 1918 all states passed laws that required children to attend elementary school. The Catholics were against this law, so they created their own private schools. In 1925 the Supreme Court passed a law that allowed children to attend private school rather than public school†¦show more content†¦These intelligences are Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Musical, Naturalistic and Spatial. Garner believed â€Å"A single number (a score on an IQ test) cannot adequately represent the complex and diverse capabilities of a human being † (Oregon Technology in Education Council, 2011). Garner’s theory is related to how students learn and how they can develop skills in certain areas. These different types of intelligences are critical to the growth of students in the classroom. Robert Steinberg’s Triarchiac Theory also contains multiple intelligences, such as Practical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence and Analytical Intelligences. These various intelligences adopts many all the same ideas as Howard Garner’s theory, but the difference is Steinberg does not focus on one specific type of intelligence, but he is more focused on helping the student enhance their skills. Steinberg believed that intelligence can be learned through more practice and study. David Perkins explains IQ in three components, Neural Intelligence, Experiential Intelligence and Reflective Intelligence. Perkins theory discusses different types of intelligences like Steinberg and Garner. Perkins argues that education can be improved by incorporating more advanced studies in the classroom (Oregon Technology in Education Council, 2011). Question to Encourage Higher OrderShow MoreRelatedA Free Appropriate Public Education Essay709 Words   |  3 Pages1. A Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE):† All children with disabilities, regardless of the type or severity of their disability, shall receive a free, appropriate public education. This education must be provided at public expense—that is, without cost to the child’s parents. An individualized education program (IEP) must be developed and implemented to meet the unique needs of each student with a disability. The IEP specifies the child’s unique educational needs, states present levels ofRead MoreWho Decides Where Jerry Goes For School? Family And Educator Conflict From Special Education Placement Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesGoes to School? Family and Educator Conflict in Special Education Placement† by John J. Steffen and Joanne M. Marshall (2006). The school and district’s administrators are facing a conflict with the placement of a special education student. After being diagnosed with several medical disabilities which affected his behavior, the student struggled to achieve success in the initial placement that was chosen for his academic experiences as part of his inclusion in the Exceptional Student Education (ESE)Read MoreThe Individual With Disabilities Act974 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2001) is the federal act enacted to ensure all students with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE). Once a student has received the proper assessments and is found eligible for services an IEP is written to address student weaknesses. Mandates in IDEA (2001) oversee how states and other public agencies provide early intervention and related services to students in need. As part of IDEA, students with disabilities are required to beRead More Discipline and Students with Disabilities Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, now called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires states to provide free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child regardless of disability. This federal law was the first to clearly define the rights of disabled children to receive special education services if their disability affects their educational performance. A parent of a special education student also has basic rights under IDEAR ead MoreEvolution of Special Needs Essay example993 Words   |  4 Pagesin the shoes of parents with special needs children. I have two beautiful healthy daughters and to think about being pregnant and expecting to deliver your bundle of joy and when she arrives you find out something is wrong. You can look at her and tell she is different, but you just do not want to accept it. It saddens me to think how any parent would feel in this situation. In my research about the historical evolution of special education I found most special needs children were sent a wayRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclusion of students with special needs in the general education classroom . The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs thatRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities1173 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclus ion of students with special needs in the general education classroom. The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs thatRead MoreExceptional Children: Children with Physical Disabilities or Sensory Impairments968 Words   |  4 PagesThe differences among most children are quite minor, allowing them to benefit from the general education program. Heward (2014) stated that the physical characteristics and/or learning characteristics of exceptional children differ from the norm, either above or below, to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to get full value from education. The term exceptional children include children who have difficulties in understanding and learningRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabili ties Education Act1711 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Meaning of â€Å"Free Appropriate Public Education† for Students with Disabilities is detailed below: Congress passed the IDEA in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities had the opportunity to receive an appropriate education. To qualify for federal funding under the Act, a state must demonstrate that it has a policy in effect that â€Å"assures all handicapped children the right to a free appropriate education.†6 IDEA requires school districts to teach childrenRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Act846 Words   |  4 Pagesthat requires schools to serve the educational needs of eligible students with disabilities† (Lee, 2014). IDEA was first put into place to protect the rights of children with disabilities and serves students from when they are infants through high school graduation or when they turn the age of 21. Because of IDEA, all children, including those with disabilities, are entitled to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). IDEA also requires all students to get their education in the least restrictive

Virginia Woolf’s Feminism Free Essays

Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women In 1797. Her tract was based on the enlightenment that she used in many of her arguments. She believed that reason, rationality and virtue lead to a better society. We will write a custom essay sample on Virginia Woolf’s Feminism or any similar topic only for you Order Now She also believed that reason and education would improve the status of women, and that the improvement of women leads to the improvement of society. Some of the most important principles of feminism are relying on rationality, voicing your pinion, developing the right terminology and that gender definitions are based on social norms. Another feminist who influenced Woolf was John Stewart Mill who discussed another Important principle of feminism, understanding what â€Å"nature† Is. He argued that what goes by the name â€Å"unnatural† generally means â€Å"uncustomary. Feminism debates what society thinks Is unnatural. He believes that the subjection of women is a universal custom making feminism a universal issue. Mill also argues that women have always been subjected to men so one cannot claim that It Is it natural. He asserts that to decide what is natural is highly debatable. What Is now called the nature of women is an artificial result of forced repression and unnatural stimulation where women are treated as a commodity. Being influenced by other feminists and her own personal experiences, Virginia Woolf developed her own feminist tract A Room of One’s Own in 1929. It has been called the â€Å"founding book of feminist literary criticism†. The book covered the following principles. The book opens with Woolf announcing her maln argument. women need to be free to have their own economical independence and have their own identity. Only when they have their own sanctuary of ones self, can they have artistic freedom which means being economically independent and not having to write Just in order to make money. Woolf Insists that poverty Is key and women were not allowed to own anything, Just as John Stewart Mill and Mary Wollstonecraft claimed that women were repressed. Women have been Impoverished and undereducated that is the reason they were few female writers, not because women were useless and did not know how to write. Women were made Inferior, Woolf continues by speaking about the British Library, hich was under patriarchal rule. Woolf could only go to specific places in the library and eat In certain places as well. That shows that men governed the society and they were considered to be the more superior and capable gender. The narrator then moved on to another point, stating that the superiority of men is constantly being reinforced In literature. The weakness of women was structured by men. Woolf insists that the weakness of women is not innate; it is because women were repressed into being the way they were. Men continuously reinforced the stereotype nternalizing that form of reception and values. Woolf then proposes a question: † If women are so Inferior then why are there so many Interesting heroines in literature? showing us that the role of exceptional female characters was highlighted. However, 1 OF2 traditional roles were considered far less important than men’s. Woolf believed that we should change the status of women’s â€Å"work† which is domestic and not belittle the role of women, instead reconceptualize the role of women. Woolf also believed that if you confine women into a limited environment how do you expect them to write bout something else? Women are confin ed to the domestic sphere, which limits their writing abilities. Great art is produced by those who are free in mind and spirit. If women write knowing that they will be disapproved of or laughed at this will affect the quality of their work. Freedom and creativity go hand in hand. Woolf believes the first great writer is Jane Austen. She also believes that writing is not about gender, it is about something much deeper. Finally Woolf argues that the truly great minds are androgynous which means belonging to neither sex. A writer should be neither asculine nor feminine but a combination of both. Virginia Woolf’s themes in her feminist tract are equal opportunity for both sexes, which does not mean erasing differences, but to â€Å"invalidate the gender class system†. One must differentiate and realize that equal opportunity does not mean melting away the differences between male and female. Another theme that was covered was truth versus opinion. One must distinguish between theory and opinion from truth. The third and final theme is changing men’s attitudes towards women, and more crucially women’s attitudes towards themselves. How to cite Virginia Woolf’s Feminism, Papers

Hacking For Money Essay Example For Students

Hacking For Money Essay Many of the products we buy today are no more than large collections of zeroes and ones. High-priced software, high-quality music, and valuable reference material such as computerized databases or CD-Rom encyclopedias are commercial products like any other, but the media of their transmission makes them different in at least one aspect: it is possible to copy them freely, or at least extremely cheaply. A compact disc of Elvis Costello and the Attractions is different from, say, a ham and swiss sandwich in many ways, but beyond the obvious is one reason that makes the nature of the two items and their roduction and purchase very different indeed: I can only eat the ham and swiss sandwich once, while I can listen to the Attractions CD repeatedly. This is a result of the fact that the CD contains information, rather than an actual substance such as the sandwich has. The consumable material in the sandwich is actual food and is gone after its consumption, while the consumable material in the compact disc is encoded binary data that will be around for the life of the physical disc. Since the sandwich can only be consumed once, we pay out an amount of money that signifies what one sandwich is worth to us. If I want nother sandwich, I pay another $4. 95. If someone were to invent a ham and swiss sandwich that could be eaten thousands of times (lets not go into the mechanics of how this would work) then the producer might be justified in charging many times the cost of an ordinary ham and swiss, on the grounds that Im getting more than just one sandwich. Buy our sandwich once, and youll never go hungry again! However, one might protest this idea if we know that it still costs the usual amount to make the sandwich. If a producer can make a repeatedly-edible sandwich for a couple dollars, and sell it for $4,000, he tands to profit hugely. The reason we might be able to justify charging four grand for a ham sandwich is that in our usual structure of sales and ownership, we agree with the vendor to pay a price reflective of what the product is worth to us, the consumer. In this light, its irrelevant that the producer only spent $2. 50 to make that repeatedly-edible sandwich, because to me as a consumer such a sandwich is worth thousands. Or to return to the example of the compact disc; its irrelevant that the producer only paid a nickel to produce each disc, because to me its worth fifteen dollars to be able to listen to Punch the Clock at my leisure. The problem with this scenario is that it allows the producer to profit extremely at the expense of the consumer. I dont think Id too willingly pay more than fifteen dollars for a CD, and the record companies know this. Five million CDs sold at whatever wholesale price gets them to be $15 retail is a lot more profit than five million CDs sold at some lower price. Labels could charge less, in the hopes that people would buy more CDs (and this is the guiding principle behind distribution houses like BMG and Columbia House), but in general the cost is going towards promotion and marketing, rather han towards the minimal expense of getting the discs made and into stores. In a capitalist organization, one concept inextricably linked to marketing and sales is that of ownership, or of intellectual property. A car company might have patent rights to manufacture and sell a particular model of car, or a record label might have the rights to make and sell a particular recording. A ham sandwich is a less specific item; anyone can make a sandwich and sell it, but only McDonalds has the legal right to call it an Arch Deluxe. This structure works well for assigning rights to the inventor or patent holder of a product f someone designs a new kind of carburetor, they should have the right to exclusive manufacturing and marketing, without worrying about someone else capitalizing on that invention. This structure has been extended to cover the more abstract notion of intellectual property, thus giving an individual or company the exclusive legal right to manufacture a certain musical recording, to sell a piece of software, or to use the words Enjoy Coke in a commercial context, since what is owned in these cases is intellectual property information, binary data, or an advertising slogan. But does it make sense to extend the concept of ownership to these things? In all cases of ownership, or holding the patent to an invention, the real thing being owned is the right to make use of certain information for profit. I could make and sell South Park T-shirts, but since I havent gotten permission from its owners, Im breaking copyright law. I could steal someones design for a carburetor and produce them myself, but we generally agree that the inventors rights are being infringed upon, since I havent arrived at that carburetor design by any effort of my own. Stealing, we say, is wrong. The question is, what is stealing? The most obvious kind of property theft is that of stealing tangible physical objects. If I take someones ham and swiss without their permission, its theft. The difference between this and what we call intellectual property theft is the fact that if I take someones sandwich, they can no longer eat it, but if I take (say, make a copy of) their software or musical recording, theyre not at any real loss they can still use the software or listen to the music. But, if they had intended to sell copies of said software or music, they are losing in that Ive ust acquired for free what they had intended to charge me money for. Often the two kinds of theft are considered as one, but I feel that a distinction needs to be made due to the two very different natures of what is being stolen. Lets push this a little further with an example that is commonly debated in the music industry regarding its morality sampling. Now, a sampler is a tool like any other, and plenty of musicians use it to record original samples for musical composition purposes, but plenty of others also use sampling technology to outright plagiarize other musicians work. Legal and permissions issues aside, this can be a dubious artistic undertaking, and there are artistic differences between what Puff Daddy is doing with sampling, and what the Future Sound of London is doing with it. The fact is, sampling has become simply another musical tool a logical extension of what composers have done throughout history by borrowing melodic and tonal ideas from one another albeit one that can be quite easily abused. Music isnt the only art form to involve dubious kinds of originality. Phraseology and style are borrowed, traded, and stolen in the iterary world constantly a creative writing professor once told me that Bad writers borrow; good writers steal. Visual arts are often built upon styles throughout history, and forms such as photomontage or collage may involve copyrighted pictures of other artists works. Photography itself is a way of artistically capitalizing on images and scenes that anyone can see with their own eyes, the camera a kind of visual sampler. In these cases it comes down to a question of whether the writer or artist being stolen from is losing anything in terms of intellectual property and marketability. Its ertainly true that some artistic statements can only be made by outright theft of anothers creation, for the purposes of placing the original work in a new context. A good example is a sculpture on Bowling Green State Universitys campus. POETRY ANALYSIS Argumentative EssayThe artists who choose to use traditional methods cassettes, film, and paper to create and distribute their work stand a lesser likelihood of having their work duplicated or altered than those who port their creations to digital. Digital is more practical for some reasons: you can fit wice your weight in books on a CD-Rom; email is faster and cheaper than postal mail; digital video offers possibilities undreamed of in the days of film. But with all that enhanced convenience, speed, and versatility comes the increased risk of the previously mentioned modes of duplication. Marshall McLuhan conceived that the medium is the message that the form which our communication takes is of more relevance than its actual content. Now that weve grown accustomed to the electronic medium, content is re-emerging with the rapid and inexpensive duplication and alteration that is only possible with that edium. Ive touched upon some of the comparisons that can be made between an electronic, or otherwise easily replicable product, and a physical, not-so-easily replicable product. Obviously there are differences, but are these enough to warrant the claim that ease of replicability implies a revised mode of ownership? Just because software and digital audio are easy to copy, does that mean we should? And does the digital nature of some products mean that the originator of those products should benefit any less than they would have had that product been in traditional physical form? An argument that may be used in favor of copyright protection for electronic media is that if an artist or programmer is hoping to make a substantial living through sale of their work, then that work should be protected. Why should an article or novel be protected any less merely because it is published on the World Wide Web, rather than in a print magazine? In both cases, the original author should have the right to claim ownership of what theyve written especially if someone else stands to profit by taking that work and unjustly claiming it as their own. Contrastingly, he author should also have the right to publish their work as public domain, or anonymously and thus claiming no ownership rights on it but we may also agree that it would be equally unjust if someone were again to take that work as their own and profit by it (this latter case is different only in that the original author is not losing out, since they had never planned to profit by their creation in the first place). In both cases we usually consider it wrong for the work to be stolen, regardless of what conditions the original author published it under. Is it feasible to utilize another kind of copyright rotection one which protects a public domain creation from being unjustly stolen? This is something like what is happening with GNU/Linux and its source code; part of its license provides for protection from patents. Or, to quote from the GNU General Public License itself, any patent must be licensed for everyones free use or not licensed at all. This is quite a powerful idea. The authors of a work of public domain software have ensured that it remains public domain. The driving concept here is the idea that allowing the community to directly influence the evolution of the software (by giving them he source code and all the rights that the original authors have), everyone benefits. Rather than one company benefitting at the cost of the community (as is the case with most commercial software) the free software ethic provides a way for everyone to benefit, and moreover provides protection from those who would leverage that freedom for personal gain at the expense of the community. Might this be applied to realms of creation other than software? Just as there are functional advantages in allowing a community to modify a piece of software, might there be literary advantages in publishing poems, articles, essays, or ven novels as public-domain works? Or musical advantages to publishing free sample, drum loop, or song databases? Musicians and writers are known to be a picky bunch when it comes to letting others tamper with their work and of course, those that dont want their work tampered with can always copyright it and claim ownership for themselves, just as most software authors copyright their work and dont release the source code. But for those who wish to contribute artistic works to a community-based effort, under the assumption that others will revise and improve those works, protection should also be offered. Granted not everyone is capable of improving on someone elses creation, but as long as everyone has equal access and privelege to alter those creations, the best end product will eventually emerge. If you stir up the pot enough, the cream eventually rises to the top, and it will be there for everyone to share and benefit from. One of the provisions of United States copyright law is for the copyright owner to authorize others to have any of the rights that they, the copyright owners, have. Section 106 of the U. S. Copyright Law grants the owner of a copyright xclusive rights to do and to authorize any of a number of things that we commonly assume to be the rights of a copyright holder: to reproduce the work, to prepare derivatives of it, to distribute or sell copies of it, and to present the work publicly. And Section 201d provides for the owner of a copyright to transfer ownership of that copyright to someone else, thus giving them all of the same rights that is, the right to reproduce, modify, and sell the creation, as well as transfer ownership to someone else. Sound similar to what Ive been talking about? A mistake that I often witness oes something like this: MP3s are illegal because theyre stolen from the musician who actually made the song. This misnomer is familiar to anyone whos spent any time browsing the MP3 culture on the internet; its often difficult to convince the mistaken party otherwise, since it is indeed common for MP3 to be used illegally, thanks to its high quality and portability. In the days when a copyright can be owned on a brand name, a trademark on a simple phrase, or a legal claim of intellectual ownership of a bunch of zeroes and ones that exist on someone elses hard drive, it is easy to assume that simply ecause a certain file format is commonly associate d with illegal activity, that format itself is illegal. For a while Ive argued that were already progressing beyond the conventional idea of owning physical objects, to the modernized concept of owning ideas and information. Already most of the cost of a compact disc or software package goes towards its development, advertising and marketing all of which are services, rather than substantial realities like a ham and swiss sandwich. It would only be a small step to remove the physical aspect of those products entirely; consumers would pay for the privelege of owning the MP3s of an album, or of running certain software on their computer, of owning the Acrobat files of their favorite novels, of having a painting by their favorite artist in their Windows background. But such a reality will push even further the insecurity of intellectual ownership; currency is already so largely electronic that perhaps one day the distinction between electronic currency and electronic property will become so blurred that the two merge. One piece of art, music, or software would be paid for with another instant electronic barter. And then, who will be able to claim ownership of anything?